1. Plantar Fasciitis – Plantar fasciitis is a common problem that one in 10 people will experience in their lifetime. Plantar fasciopathy is an appropriate descriptor because the condition is not inflammatory. Risk factors include limited ankle dorsiflexion, increased body mass index, and standing for prolonged periods of time. Plantar fasciitis is common in runners but can also affect sedentary people. With proper treatment, 80% of patients with plantar fasciitis improve within 12 months. Plantar fasciitis is predominantly a clinical diagnosis. Symptoms are stabbing, nonradiating pain first thing in the morning in the proximal medioplantar surface of the foot; the pain becomes worse at the end of the day. Symptoms are often more severe in patients with high or low arches. Custom orthotics often advances the curing process.
2. Bunions – Bunions are prominent and often will course inflamed metatarsal heads and overlying bursae, usually associated with hallux valgus where the great toe moves towards the second toe. Hallux valgus is found in at least 2% of children aged 9-10 years, and almost half of adults, with greater prevalence in women. Pressure on the first MPJ increases the symptoms and results in a painful experience. Removing pressure by supporting the arch and offloading pressure from the forefoot will help ease symptoms.
3. Metatarsalgia – Metatarsalgia is forefoot pain during the gait cycle, the pain is from anatomic abnormalities, indirect overloading, or iatrogenic causes and can suggest a specific metatarsalgia etiology. A thorough physical examination of the lower extremity is recommended, especially evaluation of the plantar foot, and weight-bearing radiographs are critical for diagnosis and treatment. Nonoperative treatment consists of physical therapy, orthotics, shoe wear modification, and injections. If conservative treatment fails, surgical options may be considered.
4. Over Pronation – Abnormal-pronation, excessive-pronation, over-pronation, or hyper-pronation, are terms with a long historical use in both medical and research terminology pertaining to an abnormal movement of the foot. These terms are commonly used as a potential kinematic aetiology to explain the occurrence of multiple lower limb and foot pathologies.
5. Morton’s Toe – In some people with Morton’s toe, the second toe is clearly longer than the big toe. The most common symptom experienced due to Morton’s toe is callusing and / or discomfort at the ball of the foot at the base of the second toe, during the gait cycle.
6. Venous Insufficiency –Chronic venous insufficiency is an extensive progressive disease in need of public health attention. This insidious disease is a growing burden on patient quality of life and the health economy. Chronic venous insufficiency has become more pronounced in global populations, especially in regions exhibiting a higher rate of risk factors. It is critical for healthcare providers to recognise and intervene early to prevent ongoing and debilitating complications. Compression therapy is the mainstay of treatment for CVI and VLD. Quality skincare can improve treatment adherence and the efficacy of compression therapy. Using a skincare agent may reduce friction and help patients avoid skin trauma while putting on compression garments
7. Varicose Veins-Varicose veins are twisted, dilated veins most commonly located on the lower extremities. The exact pathophysiology is debated, but it involves a genetic predisposition, incompetent valves, weakened vascular walls, and increased intravenous pressure. Risk factors include family history of venous disease; female sex; older age; chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, or a tumor; and prolonged standing. Symptoms of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling and an itching or burning sensation; these symptoms worsen with prolonged standing. Potential complications include infection, leg ulcers, stasis changes, and thrombosis. Conservative treatment options include external compression; lifestyle modifications, such as avoidance of prolonged standing and straining, exercise, wearing nonrestrictive clothing, modification of cardiovascular risk factors, and interventions to reduce peripheral edema; elevation of the affected leg; weight loss; and medical therapy.
8. Edema: Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. The rapid development of generalized pitting edema associated with systemic disease requires timely diagnosis and management. The chronic accumulation of edema in one or both lower extremities often indicates venous insufficiency, especially in the presence of dependent edema and hemosiderin deposition. Skin care is crucial in preventing skin breakdown and venous ulcers. Eczematous (stasis) dermatitis can be managed with emollients and topical steroid creams. Patients who have had deep venous thrombosis should wear compression stockings to prevent postthrombotic syndrome. If clinical suspicion for deep venous thrombosis remains high after negative results are noted on duplex ultrasonography, further investigation may include magnetic resonance venography to rule out pelvic or thigh proximal venous thrombosis or compression. Obstructive sleep apnea may cause bilateral leg edema even in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. Brawny, nonpitting skin with edema characterizes lymphedema, which can present in one or both lower extremities. Possible secondary causes of lymphedema include tumor, trauma, previous pelvic surgery, inguinal lymphadenectomy, and previous radiation therapy. Use of pneumatic compression devices or compression stockings may be helpful in these cases.
9. Knee Pain-Knee pain is a common complaint among adults and most often associated with general wear and tear from daily activities like walking, bending, standing and lifting. Athletes who run or play sports that involve jumping or quick pivoting are also more likely to experience knee pain and problems. But whether an individual’s knee pain is caused by aging or injury, it can be a nuisance and even debilitating in some circumstances. A visit to a physician is strongly recommended and prescribed braces can often relieve symptoms.
10. Back Pain and Gait – Back pain is a common health problem that can significantly impact your daily life. Although many factors can cause back pain, your gait, or the way you walk, can also contribute to it. In fact, your back’s health may depend in large part on your gait. Improper gait will make symptoms of back problems worse.
Common courses of back pain could be :
Ankylosing spondylitis.
Endometriosis.
Fibromyalgia.
Herniated disk.
11. Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body. It is at the back of the heel connecting the heel bone to the calf muscle. When this tendon becomes inflamed it is called Achilles tendonitis . Achilles tendonitis is often caused by overusing the tendon during exercise or from gradual wear and tear as you age. It can also be caused by arthritis especially among middle-aged and older adults and can often be caused by extra pressure on flat feet. Arch supports and heel lifts can help relieve symptoms.
12. Repetitive strain injury – Also known as musculoskeletal disorders, repetitive strain injury (RSI) is a term used to describe a family of painful disorders affecting tendons, muscles, nerves and joints in the neck, upper and lower back, chest, shoulders, arms, and hands.
RSIs can happen to a variety of workers from all types of industries. Gripping, holding, bending, twisting, clenching, and reaching – these ordinary movements that we naturally make every day are not particularly harmful in the activities of our daily lives. What makes them hazardous in work situations is the continual repetition of the movements. Other contributing work factors can include awkward postures and fixed body positions, excessive force concentrated on small parts of the body such as the hand or wrist, a fast pace of work with insufficient breaks or recovery time, and psychosocial factors such as stress